By Dillon Eustace – 1. What, if any, are the investor restrictions
Irish Funds are not required to have a minimum number of investors, however, certain Irish regulated funds must, depending on the category of fund, and the specific wording of the legislation, invest capital raised from “the public” (UCITS), raise capital by providing facilities for “direct or indirect participation by the public” (Non-UCITS investment companies) or must constitute an arrangement made for the purpose, or having the effect, of providing facilities for the participation by “the public” (non-UCITS unit trusts).
It is expected that the legislation requiring direct or indirect participation by the public in respect of non-UCITS will be amended upon implementation in Ireland of the Alternative Investment Funds Managers Directive (Directive 2011/61/EU) (“AIFMD”) with effect from 22nd July 2013 and such amendments will reflect the definitions of an alternative investment fund as defined in AIFMD.
There are certain other categories of funds which are not widely used. For example, non-designated collective investor funds (which are available to life assurance companies, pension funds and other collective investors), are not required to facilitate direct or indirect public participation).
2. What if any are the investor restrictions
UCITS must be offered in European Economic Area, but may also, but not alternatively, be offered elsewhere. UCITS and Non-UCITS established as common contractual funds may not be offered to natural person investors. Apart from that, and outside of normal matters of contractual capacity, there are no substantive Irish restrictions in relation to the nature or quality of UCITS investors.
Currently there are no minimum investments imposed by the Central Bank in relation to Irish non-UCITS retail funds other than that non-UCITS retail funds which are authorised by the Central Bank as venture capital or private equity funds must impose a minimum initial subscription requirement of 12,500 on each investor. Additionally the current regime as regards non-UCITS Professional Investor Funds (“PIFs”) imposes a minimum initial subscription requirement of 100,000 otherwise there are no Irish restrictions. Upon implementation of AIFMD, the retail Non-UCITS and PIF categories will be replaced by a new category of fund namely retail investor alternative investment funds (“RIAIFs”) and no minimum subscription requirements will apply in respect thereof. Currently Non-UCITS funds that can be offered solely to Qualifying Investors (“QIFs”) are required to apply a minimum initial subscription requirement of 100,000 and may be sold only to investors who are professional clients within the meaning of Annex II of Directive 2004/39/EC (Markets in Financial Instruments Directive); or investors who receive an appraisal from an EU credit institution, a MiFID firm or a UCITS management company that the investor has the appropriate expertise, experience and knowledge to adequately understand the investment in the QIF; or investors who certify that they are an informed investor by providing either (i) a confirmation (in writing) that the investor has such knowledge of and experience in financial and business matters as would enable the investor to properly evaluate the merits and risks of the prospective investment; or (ii) a confirmation (in writing) that the investor’s business involves, whether for its own account or the account of others, the management, acquisition or disposal of property of the same kind as the property of the QIF. Upon implementation of AIFMD the QIF category will be replaced by the qualifying investor alternative investment fund (“QIAIF”) The minimum initial subscription and investor criteria outlined above in respect of QIFs will apply equally to QIAIFs and in addition a higher minimum subscription of Euro 500,000 will apply to any QIAIF which invests more than 50% of its Net Asset Value in a single unregulated fund.
Currently in relation to PIFs and QIFs, an exemption from the minimum initial subscription requirement and, in the case of QIFs, the investor criteria, is available to directors of the fund, the investment management company, directors of the investment management company, the fund promoter (i.e. sponsor) and its affiliates, and employees of the investment management company who are directly involved in the fund’s management or are senior employees with experience in the provision of investment management services. A similar exemption from the minimum initial subscription requirement will apply equally to QIAIFs.
All QIF investors must certify in writing to the fund that they meet the minimum criteria listed above and that they are aware of the risk involved in the proposed investment and of the fact that inherent in such investments is the potential to lose the entire sum invested. This certification will equally be required in respect of investment in QIAIFs.
Please see “1” above in relation to non-designated collective investor funds.
3. Is there a requirement for an Irish fund’s sponsor (promoter) to be approved by the Irish Regulator?
Currently before the Central Bank will accept an application for the authorisation of an Irish investment fund, the Central Bank must be satisfied regarding the promoter’s expertise, integrity, adequacy of financial resources and that it or its key management have a relevant track-record in collective investment schemes. With limited exceptions, the promoter is required to be regulated by a supervisory authority recognised by the Central Bank and generally speaking any OECD member state national regulator will be acceptable. Promoters are required to have audited net shareholder funds or partners capital of not less than 635,000 on an ongoing basis. Post implementation of AIFMD, there will be no requirement for a promoter for either RIAIFs or QIAIFs. However for Irish UCITS funds the promoter requirement remains and experience in the distribution of retail funds or access to a retail distribution network will be an additional consideration.
4. Is there a requirement for the investment manager of an Irish fund to be approved by the Irish Regulator?
Before the Central Bank will accept an application for the authorisation of an Irish investment fund, the proposed discretionary investment management company(ies) of the fund must be cleared in advance. Acceptable investment management firms include those which are regulated under the Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (MiFID) (Directive 2004/39/EC) and non-EU firms regulated by a supervisory authority recognised by the Central Bank.
In relation to Irish UCITS, the investment managers must be authorised or registered for the purpose of asset management and must be subject to prudential supervision. In addition, where a non-EU investment manager is proposed to be appointed, there must be a form of co-operation agreement in place between the Central Bank and the supervisory authority of the third country that regulated the investment manager.
5. What are the custodian/depositary bank requirements for an Irish fund?
Currently, the assets of Irish regulated funds (UCITS and Non-UCITS) must be entrusted to a depositary for safe-keeping. The depositary must be a credit institution authorised in Ireland, an Irish branch of an EU credit institution or an Irish incorporated company which is wholly owned by an EU credit institution (or equivalent from a non-EU jurisdiction) provided that the liabilities of the Irish company are guaranteed by its parent. The current prescribed role of the depositary is to ensure, as a general rule, legal separation of non-cash assets and to ensure that certain core aspects of the management of the fund are carried out in accordance with applicable legislation, Central Bank conditions and the fund’s constitutive documents, for example, valuation, sale, issue, repurchase and cancellation of fund units. In addition, the depositary must enquire into the conduct of the management company, investment company or general partner in each annual accounting period and reporting thereon to the fund’s unitholders.
Upon implementation of AIFMD a depositary must be appointed to each RIAIF and QIAIF to carry out specific functions namely monitoring of cash flows, safekeeping of assets as well as the general oversight functions outlined above. The depositary for a RIAIF or QIAIF must be (a) an EU Credit Institution, (b) a MiFID investment firm, authorised to provide custody services and which meets certain capital requirements (c) other entities subject to prudential regulation and ongoing supervision which have the same effect as EU law. In addition the Central Bank requires that the depositary must have appropriate expertise and experience to carry out the functions required of it. The depositary must have sufficient resources to effectively conduct its business and it must organise and control its internal affairs in a reasonable manner with proper records and adequate arrangements for ensuring that employees are suitable, adequately trained and properly supervised. Again, the depositary must enquire into the conduct of AIFM, the management company, investment company or general partner in each annual accounting period and reporting thereon to the fund’s unitholders.
The depositary is required to ensure that the AIF’s cash flows are properly monitored and that all subscription payments have been received and cash belonging to the AIF is booked correctly in cash accounts in the name of the AIF, the AIFM or the depositary on behalf of the AIF. Equally the safekeeping requirement requires that the depositary holds in its custody all financial instruments that can be registered in an account by registering and recording in a segregated account on the books of the depositary identifying those assets as assets of the AIF (or the AIFM on behalf of the AIF). Assets capable of physical delivery must be held in physical custody by the depositary. In the case of “other assets” the depositary’s duty is to verify the ownership of such assets and to maintain a record of those assets for which it is satisfied that the AIF holds ownership of those assets.
6. What are the local Director requirements?
Irish funds established as investment companies are required to have a minimum of two Irish resident Directors on their boards. Common contractual funds and unit trusts are required to have an Irish management company and such management companies are required to have at least two Irish resident Directors on their boards. Investment limited partnerships are required to have an Irish General Partner and such entity is required to have at least two Irish resident Directors on its board. The board of Directors of a fund or its management company/general partner and post implementation of AIFMD, the AIFM cannot have Directors in common with the depositary of the fund. All Directors appointed to such entities must be approved in advance by the Central Bank pursuant to a fitness and probity regime applicable to all regulated financial services sectors in Ireland on the basis that the Central Bank is satisfied that each has appropriate expertise and integrity and is of good repute. The names and biographies of the directors must appear in the fund’s Prospectus. Resignations of Directors from the Boards of Irish funds or their management companies/general partners must be notified immediately to the Central Bank.
It is an Irish legislative requirement (Section 21 of the Central Bank Reform Act 2010) that each Irish fund and, if applicable, its management company satisfies itself on reasonable grounds that a person appointed to a so-called “pre approval controlled function” (“PCF”) complies with the Central Bank’s 2011 Fitness and Probity Standards (the “Standards”). Directors are considered to be PCFs. It is also a legislative requirement that the PCF agree to abide by the Standards. Where a PCF does not comply with the Standards, the Irish entity cannot permit that person to act as a PCF (this applies to new appointments and existing appointments). In complying with the standards, the Central Bank expects the Irish entity to consider the specific competencies and level of probity that should be expected of a PCF of the relevant entity of the particular kind in question. The Standards set out specific minimum due diligence that the Central Bank expects would be undertaken by the Irish entity.
7. What are the Prospectus/offering document/constitutive document requirements?
All Irish funds must issue a prospectus, which must be dated, and the essential features of which must be kept up to date. Investors must be offered a copy of the Prospectus, free of charge, prior to subscribing for units in the relevant fund. Any changes to the Prospectus must be made by prior approval of the Central Bank or, in the case of Qualifying Investor Funds and post implementation of AIFMD, QIAIFs prior notification to the Central Bank. Any material changes to the Prospectus must be notified to investors in the fund’s subsequent periodic reports. The overriding Central Bank consideration is that the Prospectus should contain sufficient information to enable investors to make an informed decision whether to invest in the fund. In particular, the investment objectives and policies of a fund must be clearly described in the Prospectus with sufficient information to enable investors to be fully aware of the risks they are entering into. Separate Prospectuses may be issued by funds established as umbrella funds in respect of each of their sub-funds. Separate prospectuses may not be issued in respect of separate share classes, except in the context of Qualifying Investor Funds and post implementation of AIFMD, QIAIFs, provided that the Prospectuses are consistent with the other Prospectus(es) for the fund/sub-fund of an umbrella fund (except in relation to that information which is class specific).
8. Are Irish funds required to be licensed?
Broadly speaking, units of Irish investment funds that are available for public participation may not be sold or purchased nor may sales or purchases be solicited without the fund having sought and obtained authorisation of the Central Bank under the relevant Irish funds legislation.
9. What are the Central Bank requirements before an Irish fund can launch?
Before an Irish investment fund can launch, the fund must be in possession of a written authorisation from the Central Bank pursuant to the relevant Irish legislation. Currently, there are no minimum capitalisation requirements except in the case of UCITS investment companies which have not appointed Irish management companies, which must have a minimum capital of 300,000 prior to authorisation by the Central Bank. Post implementation of AIFMD where a self managed investment company is to be considered as an internally managed AIFM it will be subject to a 300,000 initial capital requirement and will be required to have additional own funds appropriate to cover potential liability risk or have appropriate professional indemnity insurance.
10. What ongoing Central Bank requirements apply to Irish funds?
The ongoing core Central Bank requirements can be broken down into:
Disclosure
Please see “7” above in relation to the Prospectus.
Each fund must issue annual audited financial statements and (other than in the case of corporate Qualifying Investor Funds, which are exempt from this requirement) semi-annual unaudited financial statements, comprising a balance sheet, income statement (in the case of the annual audited financial statements only), a portfolio statement and statement of changes in the composition of the portfolio during the period and any significant information which will enable investors to make an informed judgement on the development of the fund and its results. Post implementation of AIFMD the report for QIAIFs and RIAIFs must also contain a report on the investment activities during the period and material changes in information disclosures.
Valuation and pricing
Currently fund assets must be valued on the basis of market prices where available or, where unavailable, generally at probable realisation value calculated by the Directors of the fund/management company/general partner or by a competent third party appointed by the Directors of the fund/management company/general partner, the appointment of which is approved by the depositary. The valuation rules must be set out in the fund’s Prospectus and must be set out, or referred to, in the fund’s constitutive document. The final checking of the fund’s net asset value must be carried out in Ireland by staff located in Ireland, in the absence of a derogation from the Central Bank. Valuation rules must be applied consistently throughout the life of a fund. Currently, the valuation policy is ultimately the responsibility of the board of Directors of the fund/management company/general partner.
Post implementation of AIFMD, RIAIFs and QIAIFs will be required to value in accordance with the rules laid down in the constitutive document which clearly define the expected method of valuation and set out a framework for variation from the expected method of valuation. In the case of RIAIFs the Central Bank has retained the requirements referred to above in respect of valuation of fund’s assets at market value or where unavailable probable realisation value. In addition, the designated AIFM of the QIAIF and RIAIF is the entity who will be responsible for the valuation of the Fund’s assets and the publication of NAV. Valuation rules must be clearly disclosed in the Prospectus. Valuations may be performed by the AIFM itself or by an external valuer appointed by the AIFM.
Client asset protection; independent custody of assets
The applicable rules are outlined in “5” above.
Depositary as fiduciary of investors
The applicable rules are outlined in “5” above.
Portfolio regulation
Currently, the Central Bank imposes diversification requirement and concentration requirements on Irish UCITS, non-UCITS retail funds and Professional Investor Funds.
A retail Non-UCITS’ general investment restrictions prohibit it from investing more than 10% of its net asset value in securities which are not listed or traded on a recognised and regulated market, more than 10% of net asset value in the securities of any one issuer and more than 10% of its net asset value in any class of security issued by a single issuer. The net maximum potential exposure that the fund can achieve through efficient portfolio management techniques and borrowings cannot exceed 25% of net asset value.
There are exceptions and specific restrictions for retail Non-UCITS funds of funds including funds of unregulated funds, feeder funds, real estate funds, private equity funds and managed futures funds.
Investment restrictions will continue to apply to RIAIFs post implementation of AIFMD. RIAIFs general investment restrictions prohibit it from investing more than 20% of its net asset value in securities which are not listed or traded on a recognised and regulated market, more than 20% in securities issued by a single issuer and more than 20% of its net asset value in any class of security issued by a single issuer and provides for rules as to the exposures arising from FDI and EPM techniques similar to those to be employed in respect of a UCITS.
In the case of Professional Investor Funds, the standard investment and borrowing restrictions applicable to retail Non-UCITS can be disapplied to the extent agreed with the Central Bank. As a general rule of thumb, the quantitative limits are doubled. These restrictions will no longer be of any relevance in respect of new funds due to the discontinuation of the PIF regime.
The Central Bank disapplies all but a small number of policy driven investment restrictions in relation to QIFs and, post implementation of AIFMD, to QIAIFs..
Duty to act in investors’ best interest and to avoid conflicts of interest
The fund’s prospectus must contain a description of the potential conflicts of interest which could arise between the management of the fund and the fund, with details, where applicable, of how these are going to be resolved.
Any transaction carried out with a fund by a promoter, AIFM, manager, depositary, investment adviser and/or associated or group companies of these must be carried out as if effected on normal commercial terms negotiated at arms length and transactions must be in the best interests of the investors.
Regulatory Reporting
The fund/management company/general partner must submit a monthly report within ten days of its effective date, setting out the fund’s net asset value, net asset value per unit and net subscription and redemptions in the fund’s units during the month. The annual audited financial statements of the fund and semi-annual unaudited financial statements of the fund (where required) must be submitted to the Central Bank within four and two months respectively of the balance sheet date. The fund/management company/general partner must submit monthly returns to the statistics department of the Central Bank. Post implementation of AIFMD, self managed investment companies acting as internally managed AIFM will also be required to report on a regular basis to the Central Bank on the principal markets and instruments traded by it and on liquidity arrangements and risk management systems of the QIAIF.
Reporting to investors
The annual audited financial statements and semi-annual unaudited financial statements (where required) must be made available to investors free of charge upon request and must be available for inspection at a specified location.
Changes to the Fund
Any change to the Prospectus or any material service agreement of the fund is subject to prior approval by, or, in the case of Qualifying Investor Funds and post implementation of AIFMD, prior notification to, the Central Bank. Material changes to the investment policy of the fund of the fund as disclosed in the Prospectus or any change to the fund’s investment objective are subject to prior investor approval. Any such changes must be notified in advance to investors enabling them to redeem their units in the fund prior to the implementation of the change.
Enforcement
The Central Bank has independent statutory powers of enforcement that are not dependant on judicial action. The Central Bank employs a risk based supervisory approach known as PRISM (Probability Risk Impact SysteM). This focuses the most resources on firms considered to have a potentially high systemic impact on the financial system and a high risk to the consumer. The Central Bank enforces on the basis of periodic reporting requirements, a requirement for the Directors/management company/general partner and depositary to deal with the Central Bank in an open and co-operative manner and inspections, the frequency of which is based on risk assessment or on complaint. While PRISM is intended to result in a common basic approach to regulation across all financial sectors, it is also intended to identify where risk is concentrated most highly within the financial system. Furthermore it differentiates between types and degrees of risk in different financial sectors and so avoids an investment fund being regulated to the same degree as a bank or insurance company for example. The Central Bank’s enforcement strategy is to engage in “pre-defined enforcement” which concentrates on high impact areas such as market conduct, consumer protection and financial crime, focussing on firms with significant market share, and “reactive enforcement” which is event or report based, and to operate in a proportionate, consistent, targeted and transparent manner.
11. What are the Regulatory requirements applicable to service providers to Irish funds?
All Irish investment funds are required to appoint an Irish fund administrator (or a suitably licensed Irish management company) which will perform certain minimum activities in Ireland such as the final checking of the net asset value of the fund prior to its release and the maintenance of the fund’s shareholder register. Irish fund administrators are subject to regulation under the Irish Investment Intermediaries Act, 1995, the European Communities (Markets in Financial Instruments) Regulations, 2007 or the European Communities (Undertakings for Collective Investment in Transferable Securities) Regulations, 2011 (in the case of UCITS management companies providing fund administration services).
A depositary must be appointed in respect of Irish investment funds as more particularly described in “5” above. The depositary fiduciary oversight duties may not be delegated to a third party and must be performed by the depositary appointed in Ireland. The custody functions may however be delegated to a custodian located inside or outside of Ireland subject to compliance with certain due diligence requirements and in the case of RIAIFs and QIAIFs the requirements of AIFMD as regards establishing objective reasons for such delegation. Irish depositaries are subject either to the requirements of Irish banking law (in the case of domestic banks), foreign banking law and certain Irish conduct of business rules (in the case of the Irish branches of foreign banks) or the European Communities (Markets in Financial Instruments) Regulations, 2007 (in the case of wholly owned Irish non-banking subsidiaries of foreign banks). Post AIFMD the depositary will also be subject to the specific requirements of AIFMD as it relates to the exercise of the depositary function.
All Irish funds are required to appoint an investment manager (or Irish management company) that will be responsible for the investment management of the Irish fund’s assets. The conditions applicable such companies’ clearance to act by the Central Bank as described in “4” above.
Currently Irish Professional Investor Funds and Qualifying Investor Funds are entitled to appoint prime brokers. Prime brokers must be regulated to provide prime brokerage services and each prime broker or its parent company must have financial resources of not less than 200 million and a short term credit rating of not less than A1 or equivalent. Post implementation of AIFMD QIAIFs will continue to be entitled to appoint prime brokers subject to the designated AIFM having complied with the requirement as to exercising due care and diligence in the selection and appointment of prime brokers including ensuring that such prime brokers are subject to ongoing supervision, are financially sound and have the necessary organisational structure appropriate to the services to be provided..
12. What is the Regulatory procedure in getting an Irish fund licensed?
All fund authorisations must be obtained pre-launch. Post-authorisation changes to fund documentation require the approval of the Central Bank or, in the case of Qualifying Investor Funds and post implementation of AIFMD, QIAIFs, prior notification to the Central Bank.
To obtain this authorisation, the fund, or in the case of a unit trust, its management company and depositary or in the case of a common contractual fund or limited partnership, its management company or general partner, must apply to the Central Bank in writing. In the case of UCITS and Non-UCITS retail and Professional Investor Funds and post implementation of AIFMD, RIAIFs, this application is initially made in draft form. In the case of Qualifying Investor Funds and post implementation of AIFMD, QIAIFs, a formal application is made on the business day prior to the proposed date of authorisation, with accompanying final, executed documentation and no formal review of the documentation is undertaken by the Central Bank.
Currently in all cases, before making an application, the proposed promoter of the fund must have been cleared by the Central Bank, as must the proposed investment manager. Post implementation of AIFMD the AIFM must have been cleared by the Central Bank (whether or not AIFM authorised by the Central Bank or passporting its services) before any RIAIF or QIAIF can be authorised. Non-discretionary investment advisers are not required to be cleared by the Central Bank. The Directors of the proposed fund/management company/general partner must be approved in advance by the Central Bank. Any management company or general partner being appointed must be approved in advance by the Central Bank. In the case of a UCITS, the policies and procedures regarding the overall management and governance of the UCITS (whether by the Board of the UCITS or a separate Irish management company (in the case of common contractual funds and unit trusts a management company is compulsory) must be pre-approved by the Central Bank prior to the submission of the UCITS application for authorisation. Similarly where an self managed investment company is being appointed as AIFM it must also satisfy the Central Bank as to its overall management and governance of the RIAIF or QIAIF. The proposed Administrator and depositary of the Fund must be in possession of the relevant license from the Central Bank. Any derogations from the Central Bank’s requirements that a fund requires must be obtained in advance of submitting the formal application for authorisation.
13. What is the role of the service providers in authorisation/ongoing regulation?
Authorisation:
UCITS, retail Non-UCITS Professional Investor Funds and post implementation of AIFMD, RIAIFs are authorised by application from the fund, or in the case of a unit trust, its management company and depositary or in the case of a common contractual fund or limited partnership, its management company or general partner as appropriate. The depositary and fund administrator will be required to make certain certifications to the Central Bank as part of the authorisation process.
In the case of Qualifying Investor Funds and post implementation of AIFMD, QIAIFs, which are authorised by means of a self-certification process, the fund/management company/general partner and, in the case of unit trusts, the depositary, makes the formal application, which is undertaken by its Irish legal advisers and the depositary certifies that the information contained in the application, as it relates to the depositary, is accurate.
Ongoing:
The Irish Administrator/management company will be generally be responsible for carrying out the minimum activities referred to in “11” above and for preparing the regulatory reporting and financial statements referred to at “10” above.
The Custodian will prepare the report referred to in “5” above for inclusion in the fund’s annual audited financial statements.
The Administrator, Custodian and management company are each expected to deal in an open and co-operative manner with the Central Bank and to participate in such meetings as the Central Bank considers necessary to review the fund’s operations and its business developments.
14. What leverage restrictions apply to Irish funds?
UCITS: UCITS may not borrow except for temporary purposes subject to a limit of 10% of net asset value and have a “global exposure” limit that is applicable to the UCITS’ use of derivatives. In calculating their global exposure, UCITS currently have the choice whether to use the so-called commitment approach, a simple but conservative method of calculating global exposure which calculates exposure based on the marked to market value of the underlying assets to which the derivative contracts refer, or an advanced risk measurement methodology such as Value-at-Risk (“VaR”). VaR measures maximum expected loss at a given confidence level over a specific time period. VaR may be calculated using an acceptable proprietary or commercially available model.
The commitment approach methodology is normally used by UCITS that use a limited number of non-complex derivatives and the latter by more sophisticated users of derivatives. It is the responsibility of the UCITS to ensure that the method selected is appropriate, taking into account the investment strategy of the UCITS, the types and complexities of the derivatives used and the proportion of the UCITS portfolio which comprises derivatives.
A UCITS must use an advanced risk measurement methodology such as the VaR approach to calculate global exposure where: (i) the UCITS engages in complex investment strategies which represent more than a negligible part of the UCITS investment policy; and/or (ii) the UCITS has more than a negligible exposure to exotic derivatives; and/or (iii) the commitment approach does not adequately capture the market risk of the UCITS portfolio.
The UCITS’ global exposure as measured using the commitment approach may not represent more than 100% of the net asset value of the UCITS (in other words, a UCITS total exposure may be 210% of the net asset value of the UCITS (including temporary borrowing)). If VaR is used, the UCITS may not have an exposure greater than 20% of the net asset value (known as “absolute VaR”) based on a confidence level of 99% and a holding period of twenty days, all of which limits may be scaled down proportionately, or the UCITS may not have a VaR greater than twice the VaR of a relevant benchmark or a corresponding, derivative-free portfolio (known as “relative VaR”). The degree of exposure that a UCITS has may be reduced by the use of allowable position netting and hedging positions.
Retail Non-UCITS: such a fund’s net maximum potential exposure is limited to 25% of net asset value and includes borrowing and exposures arising through the use of derivatives. In the case of leveraged managed futures funds, there is no such leverage limit though such funds effectively have a margin to equity ratio restriction of 50%.
Professional Investor Funds: such a fund’s net maximum potential exposure is limited to 100% of net asset value including borrowing and derivatives exposures.
RIAIFs: such a fund shall not borrow, or have at any given time borrowings, exceeding 25% of its net assets. The Central Bank has also sought to provide RIAIFs the same possibilities as a UCITS for investment in financial derivatives and the exposures arising therefrom but does not prohibit a RIAIF from investing in uncovered short positions in the same way as a UCITS is prohibited from doing so.
Qualifying Investor Funds and, post implementation of AIFMD, QIAIFs unlimited leverage, subject to only to Prospectus disclosure, and certain reporting obligations.
15. What is the tax status of Irish funds in Ireland?
Direct
A fund that is authorised in Ireland is not subject to Irish tax on its income (profits) or gains. While dividends, interest and capital gains that a fund receives with respect to its investments may be subject to taxes, including withholding taxes, in the countries in which the issuers of investments are located, these foreign withholding taxes may, nevertheless, be reduced or eliminated under Ireland’s network of tax treaties to the extent applicable (see “Treaty Access“ below).
Furthermore, there are no Irish withholding taxes on distributions to investors provided the investors have made the appropriate tax declaration of non-Irish residence to the fund or the fund has satisfied and availed of certain prescribed equivalent measures. Furthermore, there are no Irish withholding taxes on distributions made to certain categories of Irish investors (which would include approved pension schemes, charities, other investment funds, etc).
Indirect
There is no stamp duty or subscription tax payable in Ireland on the issue, transfer, repurchase or redemption of units in a fund. Many of the key services provided to Irish funds (fund administration, investment management, etc) are exempt from Irish VAT.
Treaty Access
Where treaty access is important, non-UCITS funds and post implementation of AIFMD, RIAIFs and QIAIFs may use wholly owned trading vehicles for treaty access whereby the fund finances the trading vehicle in return for the issuance to the fund of a taxable profit stripping participating debt instrument by the vehicle. Irish trading vehicles are fully taxable in Ireland which typically removes one of the obstacles to tax-exempt regulated funds obtaining treaty benefits, namely the requirement to be “liable to tax”. Through this profit stripping mechanism, such vehicles’ taxable profits can be managed to a desired level which can be zero if so desired.
Ireland has signed comprehensive double taxation treaties with 69 countries, 64 are currently in effect with negotiations at various stages on 4 others and it is planned to initiate negotiations for new agreements with other countries during the course of 2013.
16. What tax applies to Irish investment managers?
Generally 12.5% on fee income derived from investment management services.
The Irish tax authorities impose a 20% withholding tax on dividends and other profit distributions. However there are significant exemptions under domestic law from this withholding tax in relation to (i) payments made to persons resident in EU Member States and tax treaty countries and (ii) payments made to companies resident outside the EU or a non-tax treaty country provided more than 50% of the recipient company is ultimately controlled by persons resident in a treaty country or EU member state (other than Ireland), once certain declarations are put in place.
17. What are the asset valuation rules applicable to Irish funds?
These are described in “10” above.
For further information contact:
Etain de Valera, Dillon Eustace, 33 Sir John Rogerson’s Quay, Dublin 2, Ireland. Tel: + 353 1 673 1739.
Email: [email protected]
